The Society of the Cincinnati was founded in 1783 by officers of the Continental Army and their French counterparts after the American Revolution. Its purpose was to promote the ideals of liberty, democracy, and friendship, ensuring that the sacrifices of veterans were not forgotten. Named after the Roman statesman Cincinnatus, who relinquished power to return to farming, the society became one of the oldest patriotic organizations in the U.S.
A key symbol of membership in the society is the Cincinnati Medal, designed in 1783 by Pierre Eugene Du Simitière. The medal features an eagle and a central image of Cincinnatus, emphasizing selflessness and civic duty. The reverse depicts Roman senators presenting him with a sword, symbolizing honor and leadership. Over time, the medals have become valuable collectibles, with some selling at auction for millions, reflecting their historical and cultural significance.
It was back in December 2007 when George Washington’s Society of the Cincinnati medal was auctioned off at Sotheby’s for a whopping $5,305,000. Founded by General Washington and other officers of the Continental and French armies who served in the American Revolution, the Society of the Cincinnati is the oldest and most prestigious of America’s many hereditary societies. However, the Society was not one of the favorites of the American Congress.
It was back in December 2007 when George Washington’s Society of the Cincinnati medal was auctioned off at Sotheby’s for a whopping $5,305,000.The sale of the medal remains the highest known auction price for a Society of the Cincinnati medal EVER.
Louis XVI was himself a member, and the Society was known as the Ordre de Cincinnatus in France, where it was added to the hierarchy of orders (even though it was not, strictly speaking, an order) as ranking just below the Order of Saint Louis. After his death, General Washington’s Cincinnati badge was given to the Marquis de Lafayette, whose descendants kept it in the family until the auction last December.
This Washington-Lafayette Order was purchased by la Fondation Josée et René de Chambrun, which is located in Paris and owns two castles in the countryside, the Chateau de Châteldon, which is not related to Lafayette, and the Chateau de La Grange, where Lafayette lived during a sizeable portion of his adult life. The Chateau de La Grange is about thirty miles east of Paris. Lafayette’s bedroom is carefully preserved and features a painting and a bust of George Washington.
The design of the Society’s eagle is by Pierre Charles L’Enfant, the master planner of Washington, D.C., and this particular medal is believed to have been crafted out of gold and enamel by Duval and Francastel of Paris sometime between December 1783 and April 1784. The motto ringing the oval medallion on the eagle’s chest reads OMNIA • RELINQT • SERVARE • REMPU — an abbreviation of Omnia Reliquit Servare Republican, “He left everything to serve the republic,” referring to Cincinnatus himself, whom the members of the Society considered worthy of emulation. In the center of the oval, two Roman senators present a sword to Cincinnatus, who stands by his plow.
The text on the reverse side of the medal reads VIRT • PRÆM • SOCI • CIN • RUM • INST • AD • 1783 — an abbreviation of Virtutis Præmium Societas Cincinnatorum Instituta Anno Domini 1783, “Reward of Valor of the Society of the Cincinnati, Founded in the Year of Our Lord 1783″. On this side, the central image depicts Cincinnatus beside his plow and home with the sun rising in the sky.
The medal was presented to General Washington and held to his death when it was inherited by his wife, Martha. On Martha Custis Washington’s death in 1802, it was inherited by President Washington’s adopted daughter, Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis. When the Marquis de Lafayette made his famous return visit to America in 1824, Nellie Lewis presented him with the medal as a gift. It then remained in the Marquis’s family until his great-great-great-grandson put it up for auction last year.
Old badges of the Society are much sought after by special collectors, and museums and other institutions hold many. The United States Military Academy at West Point has in its collection a Cincinnati badge (picture below) made in Philadelphia c. 1815–1820 by the famed silversmiths Thomas Fletcher and Sidney Gardiner.
Other Society of the Cincinnati Medals
There are several variations of Orders of the Society of the Cincinnati that were made in the 1780s, and many variations of ones have been made between then and the present. There are two other unusually valuable Orders at this society’s headquarters in Washington. One is worn by the President-General of the society for specific occasions. It contains diamonds and rubies. According to Sotheby’s catalog, it was originally given to Washington by officers of the French navy. Another Order (medal) was made in 1832 or so, using the Washington-Lafayette Order as a model, and is also in the possession of the Society in Washington. It is sometimes referred to as a ‘copy’ of the Washington-Lafayette Order, though, in actuality, it appears markedly different.
The Order (medal) that sold for $5.3 million on Dec. 11 was specially made for George Washington in 1784, and for it, Washington had to pay three times the price of the Orders (medals) that were available to other American and French officers who fought for American Independence. Washington was the first President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati. As an Order (medal) manufactured in 1784 specifically for Washington, this Order (medal) is unique. It is true that other Cincinnati Orders, made in 1784, have sold for less than $50,000 each over the last several years, maybe even for less than $10,000. Of course, in numismatics, a slightly different item may be worth many multiples of an item that looks identical to someone unfamiliar with the pertinent details.
The medal above was one of three eagles known to have been owned by Washington. Washington most commonly wore the “diamond eagle,” a diamond-encrusted design by the French matelots (sailors). This diamond eagle continues to be passed down to each President General of the Society of the Cincinnati as part of his induction into office.
Henry Knox’s Medal – showing the unique differences between this one and Washington’s Medal. (Owned by the General Henry Knox Museum, Thomaston, ME)
Tadeusz Kosciuszko’s Society of the Cincinnati Medal
Latest Auction Sale – 2024
The most recent auction of a Society of the Cincinnati medal occurred in May 2024 at Morphy Auctions. This particular medal, crafted in gold and measuring approximately 1.5 inches by 0.875 inches, features the emblematic eagle with a central medallion depicting Cincinnatus at sunrise.
The reverse showcases three senators presenting a sword to Cincinnatus, accompanied by the motto “OMNIA RELINQUIT. SERVARE REMPUBLICAM” (“He left everything to serve the Republic”). The medal was attached to a blue and white ribbon and tested for 14K gold, weighing 20 grams. It was sold for $3,360,000, including the buyer’s premium.
- See others who have posted images of other medals from the Society of the Cincinnati – Click Here
- Andrew Cusack and others contributed to this piece.
- Click Here to learn more about the Society and its medal recipients.
More MLH Research
Original Post: March 2011
Updated: January 6, 2025
Is it true that Toussaint-Guillaume La Motte-Picquet, the great French naval commander, also received the medal of the Society of Cincinnati?